Human Digestive System

the human digestive system is very complex and has evolved over millions of years it basically consists of the rectum the large intestine the small intestine the pancreas the stomach also called gaster and ventricular and the liver with the gallbladder the esophagus is also part of this system as well as various salivary glands near the mouth first the food is broken up in the mouth by the teeth and then mixed with saliva with the help of the salivary glands saliva contains a digestive enzyme called amylase that already begins to digest carbohydrates in the mouth it splits carbohydrates into smaller units 

the ball-like mixture of food with saliva also known as bolus is pushed into the throat by the tongue and finally into the esophagus which propels the bolus to the stomach the esophageal lumen that is the opening inside the esophagus is very flexible which allows bonuses of different sizes to be transported the esophagus consists of several layers these layers occur throughout the entire digestive tract the two outer muscle layers are responsible for peristalsis through these two muscles the bolus can be transported from the mouth to the stomach even if the person is standing on his head the stomach is often divided into six areas the stomach is composed of a similar structure to the esophagus it has a longitudinal muscle layer on the outside underneath we can find circular muscle fibers in addition to this there is an oblique muscle layer overlaying the mucosa on the inside there are rugae that allow the stomach to enlarge when food is consumed the stomach wall contains gastric glands they produce mucus which is able to protect the stomach wall from the secreted gastric acid gastric acid is produced by simply smelling or seeing food but also spices and the stretching of the stomach causes the secretion that is the release of gastric acid about one to two liters of gastric juice are produced per day since the esophagus does not have a protective mucus layer like the stomach stomach and esophagus are separated by a sphincter it relaxes when a bolus is pushed from the esophagus into the stomach and then contracts to prevent acid and food from going back up gastric juice consists among other things of hydrochloric acid the enzyme pepsin the intrinsic factor and lipase for the digestion of fat in addition to nutrients food also contains bacteria that can damage the body the components of hydrochloric acid are able to destroy harmful bacteria in addition hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen also released by the gastric glands into pepsin pepsin is able to break down proteins in the stomach 

for a vitamin b12 absorption in the small intestine the intrinsic factor is needed which is produced by the gastric glands the vitamin must combine with intrinsic factor then it can be absorbed later by the small intestine vitamin b12 helps keep the body's nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA it also contains gastric lipase an acid resistant enzyme for fat digestion in the stomach gastric lipase splits a triglyceride into a free fatty acid and a diglyceride whereby only the free fatty acid can be absorbed by the body more effective fat digestion takes place in the small intestine

through gastric juice and stomach movements which take place approximately every 20 seconds the individual balises are mixed to a semi fluid mass of partly digested food the so-called chime the chime cannot enter the duodenum at first because there is a sphincter at the stomach exit the pyloric sphincter resembles the esophageal sphincter the pyloric sphincter opens only a few millimeters so that larger pieces remain inside the stomach in the first section of the small intestine the duodenum bile and pancreatic secretions are mixed with the chyme via the ampulla of Vater pancreatic juice contains numerous digestive Pro enzymes and enzymes in order for these to do their job a higher pH value than that in the stomach is necessary for this reason pancreatic juice contains sodium hydrogen carbonate hydrogen carbonate is able to neutralize the acid in the chime and thus produce the optimum pH value of seven or eight pancreatic juice also contains pro enzymes it is only through enteral kinase released by the duodenum wall that the pro enzyme trypsinogen becomes trypsin which can split proteins and activate other trypsinogen x' we also find alpha amylase which we had already found in the mouth it now does the rest regarding the splitting of carbohydrates which it converts into maltose

furthermore pancreatic lipase is able to split triglycerides into two free fatty acids the gastric lipase as we have seen before can produce only one free fatty acid the pancreatic lipase can cleave triglycerides excellently because the bile breaks the fats down into tiny droplets this is called emulsification numerous other enzymes are part of pancreatic juice but these will not be explained in detail here bile is produced by the liver cells and transported to the gallbladder the bile is stored in the gallbladder and finally added to the food in the duodenum via the ampulla of Vater the pancreas also releases juice via the ampulla of Vater the small intestine consists of three sections duodenum jejunum and ileum the ileum continues into the large intestine in the right lower abdomen the duodenum and the jejunum have circular folds to increase the contact surface with the food these circular folds extend about one centimeter into the lumen of the small intestine these folds are covered with small finger like projections called villi villi increase the surface considerably villi are about one millimetre long each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called lacteal which we will see later the nutrients art green here are absorbed by the villus and transferred to the blood capillaries 

some nutrients such as glucose do not require a carrier they are transported freely in the bloodstream other nutrients such as iron require transport proteins like transfer in fats are transported by chylomicrons which are lipoproteins the triglycerides to be transported are virtually enclosed in the lipoprotein chylomicrons and triglycerides are then transported through the lacteal of the villus each villus is covered by even smaller micro villi they multiply the intestinal surface considerably the micro villi absorb nutrients and transport them to the inside 

the last part of the small intestine is the ileum it does not have unlike the duodenum and jejunum circular folds the ileum absorbs electrolytes such as calcium for building bones hair and teeth trace elements such as zinc for sperm production and the immune system vitamins such as b12 for the formation and maturation of red blood cells and remaining bile acid which is transported back to the liver via the blood stream as with the esophagus the food is transported by peristalsis in contrast segmentation contractions serve to mix the chyme which is shown here in yellow and red to make it easier to see the mixing process 

Digestive system

the large intestine is thicker than the small intestine it is about one meter long and surrounds the small intestine the small intestine is connected to the large intestine via the Boheme valve it opens when chime is to pass from the small intestine to the large intestine the large intestine does not have any villi like the small intestine because most digestible substances have already been absorbed in the small intestine however the large intestine has an estimated 100 billion bacteria inside they are important for many other tasks such as the production of vitamins and the decomposition of fiber for the body's energy production many of these bacteria are an important part of the immune system by killing harmful germs through peristalsis the chyme is transported from the ascending colon to the transverse colon to the descending colon on its way through the large intestine water is removed from the chyme furthermore mucus is added for proper excretion of waste substances that cannot be absorbed through the small intestine or the large intestine remain in the rectum and are finally excreted through the anus.